Reports September 13, 2023

The Election Denier Landscape

From inside the halls of government, these Election Deniers are using their powers to weaken free and fair elections.

See Related Reports Replacing the Refs 2023 Replacing the Refs 2022

Issue Areas

Election Protection

In This Resource

Introduction/Overview
Election Denial in the States
Governors
Attorneys General
Secretaries of State
The Research

Introduction/Overview

Since 2020, at least 42 states have had an Election Denier run for at least one of the statewide offices that oversee elections. In all, 23 Election Deniers currently hold a statewide office with election oversight power in 17 states. They include seven governors, five secretaries of state, and 11 attorneys general. Some were elected last year; others were already in office as the Election Denier movement grew.

From inside the halls of government, these Election Deniers are using their powers to weaken free and fair elections.

Nine states have pulled out of the Electronic Registration Information Center, a partnership that helps make sure voter rolls are accurate. It was widely celebrated as a bipartisan success until it was targeted by Election Deniers spreading misinformation, leaving elections in their states less secure.

In other states, Election Deniers have moved to restrict donations to support election funding, hampering election officers that are already dealing with an onslaught of threats and conspiracy theories.

Election Deniers who hold office are also creating or expanding special units to prosecute election crimes, including voter fraud, which is practically nonexistent. These steps may look like legitimate law enforcement, but they are more about scaring voters and keeping election lies alive.

Just like Election Deniers on the campaign trail, those who hold public office are helped by political surrogates and media figures. Some use the direct language of Election Deniers, repeating lies about 2020. Others are less direct—raising unfounded doubts about future elections, or suggesting that indictments of the former president amount to election interference.

And Election Deniers who lost previous campaigns are running for and winning leadership positions in state and national party organizations, continuing to fundraise off of election lies, and exploring candidacy for other offices, most specifically the U.S. Senate.

Election Denial in the States

Below is a comprehensive list of statewide officials with election oversight power — officials who should be the guardians of our democracy. As you click through, state-by-state, you can see where Election Deniers have power over our elections.

Alabama
Three of Alabama’s state officials who oversee elections — the governor, attorney general, and secretary of state — are Election Deniers.

Governor
- Kay Ivey (R) – Election Denier
  - Assumed office 2017
  - Elected 2018, 2022
  - Term ends 2027
Attorney General
- Steve Marshall (R) – Election Denier
  - Assumed office 2017
  - Elected 2018, 2022
  - Term ends 2027
Secretary of State
- Wes Allen (R) – Election Denier
  - Elected 2022
  - Assumed office 2023
  - Term ends 2027
The duties and election administration roles of these positions complement each other, so having an Election Denier in any one of these positions can undermine efforts to protect the vote and the will of the people.
Alaska
One of Alaska’s state officials who oversee elections — the governor — is an Election Denier.

Governor
- Mike Dunleavy (R) – Election Denier
  - Elected 2018, 2022
  - Assumed office 2018
  - Term ends 2026
Attorney General
- Treg Taylor (R)
  - Assumed office 2021; Appointed by and serves at the pleasure of the governor
Secretary of State
- Position does not exist
The duties and election administration roles of these positions complement each other, so having an Election Denier in any one of these positions can undermine efforts to protect the vote and the will of the people.

At the same time, Election Denier allies in the state legislature are trying to change how elections are run. In 2023, Alaska has had 2 bills introduced that would politicize, criminalize, or interfere with election administration.
Arizona
None of Arizona’s state officials who oversee elections — the governor, attorney general, or secretary of state — are Election Deniers.

Governor
- Katie Hobbs (D)
  - Elected 2022
  - Assumed office 2023
  - Term ends 2027
Attorney General
- Kris Mayes (D)
  - Elected 2022
  - Assumed office 2023
  - Term ends 2027
Secretary of State
- Adrian Fontes (D)
  - Elected 2022
  - Assumed office 2023
  - Term ends 2027
The duties and election administration roles of these positions complement each other, so having an Election Denier in any one of these positions can undermine efforts to protect the vote and the will of the people.

At the same time, Election Denier allies in the state legislature are trying to change how elections are run. In 2023, Arizona has had 14 bills introduced, one enacted or adopted, and three vetoed that would politicize, criminalize, or interfere with election administration.
Arkansas
None of Arkansas’ state officials who oversee elections — the governor, attorney general, or secretary of state — are Election Deniers.

Governor
- Sarah Huckabee Sanders (R)
  - Elected 2022
  - Assumed office 2023
  - Term ends 2027
Attorney General
- Tim Griffin (R)
  - Elected 2022
  - Assumed office 2023
  - Term ends 2027
Secretary of State
- John Thurston (R)
  - Elected 2018, 2022
  - Assumed office 2019
  - Term ends 2027
The duties and election administration roles of these positions complement each other, so having an Election Denier in any one of these positions can undermine efforts to protect the vote and the will of the people.

At the same time, Election Denier allies in the state legislature are trying to change how elections are run. In 2023, Arkansas has had one bill introduced and four adopted or enacted that would politicize, criminalize, or interfere with election administration.
California
None of California’s state officials who oversee elections — the governor, attorney general, or secretary of state — are Election Deniers.

Governor
- Gavin Newsom (D)
  - Elected 2018, 2022
  - Assumed office 2019
  - Term ends 2027
Attorney General
- Rob Bonta (D)
  - Assumed office 2021
  - Elected 2022
  - Term ends 2027
Secretary of State
- Shirley Weber (D)
  - Elected 2022
  - Assumed office 2021
  - Term ends 2027
The duties and election administration roles of these positions complement each other, so having an Election Denier in any one of these positions can undermine efforts to protect the vote and the will of the people.
Colorado
None of Colorado’s state officials who oversee elections — the governor, attorney general, or secretary of state — are Election Deniers.

Governor
- Jared Polis (D)
  - Elected 2018, 2022
  - Assumed office 2019
  - Term ends 2027
Attorney General
- Phil Weiser (D)
  - Elected 2018, 2022
  - Assumed office 2019
  - Term ends 2027
Secretary of State
- Jena Griswold (D)
  - Elected 2018, 2022
  - Assumed office 2019
  - Term ends 2027
The duties and election administration roles of these positions complement each other, so having an Election Denier in any one of these positions can undermine efforts to protect the vote and the will of the people.
Connecticut
None of Connecticut’s state officials who oversee elections — the governor, attorney general, or secretary of state — are Election Deniers.

Governor
- Ned Lamont (D)
  - Elected 2018, 2022
  - Assumed office 2019
  - Term ends 2027
Attorney General
- William Tong (D)
  - Elected 2018, 2022
  - Assumed office 2019
  - Term ends 2027
Secretary of State
- Stephanie Thomas (D)
  - Elected 2022
  - Assumed office 2023
  - Term ends 2027
The duties and election administration roles of these positions complement each other, so having an Election Denier in any one of these positions can undermine efforts to protect the vote and the will of the people.

At the same time, Election Denier allies in the state legislature are trying to change how elections are run. In 2023, Connecticut has had two bills introduced that would politicize, criminalize, or interfere with election administration.
District of Columbia
The District of Columbia’s attorney general — one of the officials who oversees elections — is not an Election Denier.

Governor
- Position does not exist
Attorney General
- Brian Schwalb (D)
  - Elected 2022
  - Assumed office 2023
  - Term ends 2027
Secretary of State
- Position does not exist
Delaware
None of Delaware’s state officials who oversee elections — the governor, attorney general, or secretary of state — are Election Deniers.

Governor
- John Carney Jr. (D)
  - Elected 2016, 2020
  - Assumed office 2017
  - Term ends 2025
Attorney General
- Kathy Jennings (D)
  - Elected 2018, 2022
  - Assumed office 2019
  - Term ends 2027
Secretary of State
- Jeffrey W. Bullock (D)
  - Assumed office 2009; Appointed by and serves at the pleasure of the governor
The duties and election administration roles of these positions complement each other, so having an Election Denier in any one of these positions can undermine efforts to protect the vote and the will of the people.
Florida
Two of Florida’s state officials who oversee elections — the governor and attorney general — are Election Deniers.

Governor
- Ron DeSantis (R) – Election Denier
  - Elected 2018, 2022
  - Assumed office 2019
  - Term ends 2027
Attorney General
- Ashley Moody (R) – Election Denier
  - Elected 2018, 2022
  - Assumed office 2019
  - Term ends 2027
Secretary of State
- Cord Byrd (R)
  - Assumed office 2023; Appointed by and serves at the pleasure of the governor
The duties and election administration roles of these positions complement each other, so having an Election Denier in any one of these positions can undermine efforts to protect the vote and the will of the people.

At the same time, Election Denier allies in the state legislature are trying to change how elections are run. In 2023, Florida has had one bill introduced and one enacted or adopted that would politicize, criminalize, or interfere with election administration.
Georgia
None of Georgia’s state officials who oversee elections — t the governor, attorney general, or secretary of state — are Election Deniers.

Governor
- Brian Kemp (R)
  - Elected 2018, 2022
  - Assumed office 2019
  - Term ends 2027
Attorney General
- Chris Carr (R)
  - Elected 2018, 2022
  - Assumed office 2016
  - Term ends 2027
Secretary of State
- Brad Raffensperger (R)
  - Elected 2018, 2022
  - Assumed office 2019
  - Term ends 2027
The duties and election administration roles of these positions complement each other, so having an Election Denier in any one of these positions can undermine efforts to protect the vote and the will of the people.

At the same time, Election Denier allies in the state legislature are trying to change how elections are run. In 2023, Georgia has had four bills introduced and one enacted or adopted that would politicize, criminalize, or interfere with election administration.
Hawaii
None of Hawaii’s state officials who oversee elections — the governor, attorney general, or secretary of state — are Election Deniers.

Governor
- Josh Green (D)
  - Elected 2022
  - Assumed office 2022
  - Term ends 2026
Attorney General
- Anne Lopez (D)
  - Assumed office 2022; Appointed by the governor
  - Term ends 2026; Serves coterminous with the governor
Secretary of State
- Position does not exist
The duties and election administration roles of these positions complement each other, so having an Election Denier in any one of these positions can undermine efforts to protect the vote and the will of the people.
Idaho
One of Idaho’s state officials who oversees elections — the attorney general — is an Election Denier.

Governor
- Brad Little (R)
  - Elected 2018, 2022
  - Assumed office 2019
  - Term ends 2027
Attorney General
- Raúl Labrador (R) – Election Denier
  - Elected 2022
  - Assumed office 2023
  - Term ends 2027
Secretary of State
- Phil McGrane (R)
  - Elected 2022
  - Assumed office 2023
  - Term ends 2027
The duties and election administration roles of these positions complement each other, so having an Election Denier in any one of these positions can undermine efforts to protect the vote and the will of the people.

At the same time, Election Denier allies in the state legislature are trying to change how elections are run. In 2023, Idaho has had one bill introduced and one enacted or adopted that would politicize, criminalize, or interfere with election administration.
Illinois
None of Illinois’ state officials who oversee elections — the governor, attorney general, or secretary of state — are Election Deniers.

Governor
- B. Pritzker (D)
  - Elected 2018, 2022
  - Assumed office 2019
  - Term ends 2027
Attorney General
- Kwame Raoul (D)
  - Elected 2018, 2022
  - Assumed office 2019
  - Term ends 2027
Secretary of State
- Alexi Giannoulias (D)
  - Elected 2022
  - Assumed office 2023
  - Term ends 2027
The duties and election administration roles of these positions complement each other, so having an Election Denier in any one of these positions can undermine efforts to protect the vote and the will of the people.

At the same time, Election Denier allies in the state legislature are trying to change how elections are run. In 2023, Illinois has had eight bills introduced that would politicize, criminalize, or interfere with election administration.
Indiana
Two of Indiana’s state officials who oversee elections — the attorney general and secretary of state — is an Election Denier.

Governor
- Eric Holcomb (R)
  - Elected 2016, 2020
  - Assumed office 2017
  - Term ends 2025
Attorney General
- Todd Rokita (R) – Election Denier
  - Elected 2020
  - Assumed office 2021
  - Term ends 2025
Secretary of State
- Diego Morales (R) – Election Denier
  - Elected 2022
  - Assumed office 2023
  - Term ends 2027
The duties and election administration roles of these positions complement each other, so having an Election Denier in any one of these positions can undermine efforts to protect the vote and the will of the people.

At the same time, Election Denier allies in the state legislature are trying to change how elections are run. In 2023, Indiana has had three bills introduced and one enacted or adopted that would politicize, criminalize, or interfere with election administration.
Iowa
One of Iowa’s state officials who oversees elections — the governor — is an Election Denier.

Governor
- Kim Reynolds (R) – Election Denier
  - Elected 2018, 2022
  - Assumed office 2017
  - Term ends 2027
Attorney General
- Brenna Bird (R)
  - Elected 2022
  - Assumed office 2023
  - Term ends 2027
Secretary of State
- Paul Pate (R)
  - Elected 1994, 2014, 2018, 2022
  - Assumed office 1995, 2015
  - Term ends 2027
The duties and election administration roles of these positions complement each other, so having an Election Denier in any one of these positions can undermine efforts to protect the vote and the will of the people.

At the same time, Election Denier allies in the state legislature are trying to change how elections are run. In 2023, Iowa has had three bills introduced that would politicize, criminalize, or interfere with election administration.
Kansas
One of Kansas’ state officials who oversees elections — the attorney general — is an Election Denier.

Governor
- Laura Kelly (D)
  - Elected 2018, 2022
  - Assumed office 2019
  - Term ends 2027
Attorney General
- Kris Kobach (R) – Election Denier
  - Elected 2022
  - Assumed office 2023
  - Term ends 2027
Secretary of State
- Scott Schwab (R)
  - Elected 2018, 2022
  - Assumed office 2019
  - Term ends 2027
The duties and election administration roles of these positions complement each other, so having an Election Denier in any one of these positions can undermine efforts to protect the vote and the will of the people.

At the same time, Election Denier allies in the state legislature are trying to change how elections are run. In 2023, Kansas has had three bills introduced that would politicize, criminalize, or interfere with election administration.
Kentucky
None of Kentucky’s state officials who oversee elections — the governor, attorney general, or secretary of state — are Election Deniers.

Governor
- Andy Beshear (D)
  - Elected 2019
  - Assumed office 2019
  - Term ends 2023
Attorney General
- Daniel Cameron (R)
  - Elected 2019
  - Assumed office 2019
  - Term ends 2024
Secretary of State
- Michael Adams (R)
  - Elected 2019
  - Assumed office 2020
  - Term ends 2024
The duties and election administration roles of these positions complement each other, so having an Election Denier in any one of these positions can undermine efforts to protect the vote and the will of the people.

At the same time, Election Denier allies in the state legislature are trying to change how elections are run. In 2023, Kentucky has had three bills introduced that would politicize, criminalize, or interfere with election administration.
Louisiana
One of Louisiana’s state officials who oversees elections — the attorney general — is an Election Denier.

Governor
- John Bel Edwards (D)
  - Elected 2015, 2019
  - Assumed office 2016
  - Term ends 2024
Attorney General
- Jeff Landry (R) – Election Denier
  - Elected 2015, 2019
  - Assumed office 2016
  - Term ends 2024
Secretary of State
- Kyle Ardoin (R)
  - Elected 2018, 2019
  - Assumed office 2018
  - Term ends 2024
The duties and election administration roles of these positions complement each other, so having an Election Denier in any one of these positions can undermine efforts to protect the vote and the will of the people.

At the same time, Election Denier allies in the state legislature are trying to change how elections are run. In 2023, Louisiana has had two bills introduced that would politicize, criminalize, or interfere with election administration.
Maine
None of Maine’s state officials who oversee elections — the governor, attorney general, or secretary of state — are Election Deniers.

Governor
- Janet Mills (D)
  - Elected 2018, 2022
  - Assumed office 2019
  - Term ends 2027
Attorney General
- Aaron Frey (D)
  - Elected by legislature 2018, 2020, 2022
  - Assumed office 2019
  - Term ends 2025
Secretary of State
- Shenna Bellows (D)
  - Elected by legislature 2020
  - Assumed office 2021
  - Term ends 2025
The duties and election administration roles of these positions complement each other, so having an Election Denier in any one of these positions can undermine efforts to protect the vote and the will of the people.

At the same time, Election Denier allies in the state legislature are trying to change how elections are run. In 2023, Maine has had two bills introduced that would politicize, criminalize, or interfere with election administration.
Maryland
None of Maryland’s state officials who oversee elections — the governor, attorney general, or secretary of state — are Election Deniers.

Governor
- Wes Moore (D)
  - Elected 2022
  - Assumed office 2023
  - Term ends 2027
Attorney General
- Anthony Brown (D)
  - Elected 2022
  - Assumed office 2023
  - Term ends 2027
Secretary of State
- Susan C. Lee (D)
  - Assumed office 2023; appointed by and serves at the pleasure of the governor
The duties and election administration roles of these positions complement each other, so having an Election Denier in any one of these positions can undermine efforts to protect the vote and the will of the people.
Massachusetts
None of Massachusetts’ state officials who oversee elections — th the governor, attorney general, or secretary of state — are Election Deniers.

Governor
- Maura Healey (D)
  - Elected 2022
  - Assumed office 2023
  - Term ends 2027
Attorney General
- Andrea Campbell (D)
  - Elected 2022
  - Assumed office 2023
  - Term ends 2027
Secretary of the Commonwealth
- William Galvin (D)
  - Elected 1994, 1998, 2002, 2006, 2010, 2014, 2018, 2022
  - Assumed office 1995
  - Term ends 2027
The duties and election administration roles of these positions complement each other, so having an Election Denier in any one of these positions can undermine efforts to protect the vote and the will of the people.
Michigan
None of Michigan’s state officials who oversee elections —the governor, attorney general, or secretary of state — are Election Deniers.

Governor
- Gretchen Whitmer (D)
  - Elected 2018, 2022
  - Assumed office 2019
  - Term ends 2027
Attorney General
- Dana Nessel (D)
  - Elected 2018, 2022
  - Assumed office 2019
  - Term ends 2027
Secretary of State
- Jocelyn Benson (D)
  - Elected 2018, 2022
  - Assumed office 2019
  - Term ends 2027
The duties and election administration roles of these positions complement each other, so having an Election Denier in any one of these positions can undermine efforts to protect the vote and the will of the people.
Minnesota
None of Minnesota’s state officials who oversee elections — the governor, attorney general, or secretary of state — are Election Deniers.

Governor
- Tim Walz (D)
  - Elected 2018, 2022
  - Assumed office 2019
  - Term ends 2027
Attorney General
- Keith Ellison (D)
  - Elected 2018, 2022
  - Assumed office 2019
  - Term ends 2027
Secretary of State
- Steve Simon (D)
  - Elected 2014, 2018, 2022
  - Assumed office 2015
  - Term ends 2027
The duties and election administration roles of these positions complement each other, so having an Election Denier in any one of these positions can undermine efforts to protect the vote and the will of the people.

At the same time, Election Denier allies in the state legislature are trying to change how elections are run. In 2023, Minnesota has had five bills introduced that would politicize, criminalize, or interfere with election administration.
Mississippi
One of Mississippi’s state officials who oversee elections — the attorney general — is an Election Denier.

Governor
- Tate Reeves (R)
  - Elected 2019
  - Assumed office 2020
  - Term ends 2024
Attorney General
- Lynn Fitch (R) – Election Denier
  - Elected 2019
  - Assumed office 2020
  - Term ends 2024
Secretary of State
- Michael Watson (R)
  - Elected 2019
  - Assumed office 2020
  - Term ends 2024
The duties and election administration roles of these positions complement each other, so having an Election Denier in any one of these positions can undermine efforts to protect the vote and the will of the people.

At the same time, Election Denier allies in the state legislature are trying to change how elections are run. In 2023, Mississippi has had eight bills introduced that would politicize, criminalize, or interfere with election administration.
Missouri
One of Missouri state officials who oversee elections — the secretary of state — is an Election Denier.

Governor
- Mike Parson (R)
  - Elected 2020
  - Assumed office 2018
  - Term ends 2025
Attorney General
- Andrew Bailey (R)
  - Elected N/A
  - Assumed office 2023
  - Term ends 2025
Secretary of State
- Jay Ashcroft (R) – Election Denier
  - Elected 2016, 2020
  - Assumed office 2017
  - Term ends 2025
The duties and election administration roles of these positions complement each other, so having an Election Denier in any one of these positions can undermine efforts to protect the vote and the will of the people.

At the same time, Election Denier allies in the state legislature are trying to change how elections are run. In 2023, Missouri has had three bills introduced that would politicize, criminalize, or interfere with election administration.
Montana
One of Montana’s state officials who oversee elections — the governor — is an Election Denier.

Governor
- Greg Gianforte (R) – Election Denier
  - Elected 2020
  - Assumed office 2021
  - Term ends 2025
Attorney General
- Austin Knudsen (R)
  - Elected 2020
  - Assumed office 2021
  - Term ends 2025
Secretary of State
- Christi Jacobsen (R)
  - Elected 2020
  - Assumed office 2021
  - Term ends 2025
The duties and election administration roles of these positions complement each other, so having an Election Denier in any one of these positions can undermine efforts to protect the vote and the will of the people.

At the same time, Election Denier allies in the state legislature are trying to change how elections are run. In 2023, Montana has had seven bills introduced and one enacted or adopted that would politicize, criminalize, or interfere with election administration.
Nebraska
None of Nebraska’s state officials who oversee elections — the governor, attorney general, or secretary of state — are Election Deniers.

Governor
- Jim Pillen (R)
  - Elected 2022
  - Assumed office 2023
  - Term ends 2027
Attorney General
- Mike Hilgers (R)
  - Elected 2022
  - Assumed office 2023
  - Term ends 2027
Secretary of State
- Bob Evnen (R)
  - Elected 2018, 2022
  - Assumed office 2019
  - Term ends 2027
The duties and election administration roles of these positions complement each other, so having an Election Denier in any one of these positions can undermine efforts to protect the vote and the will of the people.

At the same time, Election Denier allies in the state legislature are trying to change how elections are run. In 2023, Nebraska has had two bills introduced that would politicize, criminalize, or interfere with election administration.
Nevada
None of Nevada’s state officials who oversee elections — t the governor, attorney general, or secretary of state — are Election Deniers.

Governor
- Joe Lombardo (R)
  - Elected 2022
  - Assumed office 2023
  - Term ends 2027
Attorney General
- Aaron Ford (D)
  - Elected 2018, 2022
  - Assumed office 2019
  - Term ends 2027
Secretary of State
- Francisco “Cisco” Aguilar (D)
  - Elected 2022
  - Assumed office 2023
  - Term ends 2027
The duties and election administration roles of these positions complement each other, so having an Election Denier in any one of these positions can undermine efforts to protect the vote and the will of the people.

At the same time, Election Denier allies in the state legislature are trying to change how elections are run. In 2023, Nevada has had two bills introduced that would politicize, criminalize, or interfere with election administration.
New Hampshire
None of New Hampshire’s state officials who oversee elections — the governor, attorney general, or secretary of state — are Election Deniers.

Governor
- Chris Sununu (R)
  - Elected 2016
  - Assumed office 2017
  - Term ends 2025
Attorney General
- John Formella (R)
  - Assumed office 2021; Appointed by the governor
  - Term ends 2025
Secretary of State
- David Scanlan (R)
  - Elected by legislature 2022
  - Assumed office 2022
  - Term ends 2024
The duties and election administration roles of these positions complement each other, so having an Election Denier in any one of these positions can undermine efforts to protect the vote and the will of the people.

At the same time, Election Denier allies in the state legislature are trying to change how elections are run. In 2023, New Hampshire has had three bills introduced that would politicize, criminalize, or interfere with election administration.
New Jersey
None of New Jersey’s state officials who oversee elections — the governor, attorney general, or secretary of state — are Election Deniers.

Governor
- Phil Murphy (D)
  - Elected 2017, 2021
  - Assumed office 2018
  - Term ends 2026
Attorney General
- Matthew Platkin (D)
  - Assumed office 2022; Appointed by the governor
  - Term ends 2026
Secretary of State
- Tahesha Way (D)
  - Assumed office 2018; Appointed by the governor
  - Term ends 2026; Serves coterminous with the governor
The duties and election administration roles of these positions complement each other, so having an Election Denier in any one of these positions can undermine efforts to protect the vote and the will of the people.

At the same time, Election Denier allies in the state legislature are trying to change how elections are run. In 2023, New Jersey has had four bills introduced that would politicize, criminalize, or interfere with election administration.
New Mexico
None of New Mexico’s state officials who oversee elections — the governor, attorney general, or secretary of state — are Election Deniers.

Governor
- Michelle Lujan Grisham (D)
  - Elected 2018, 2022
  - Assumed office 2019
  - Term ends 2027
Attorney General
- Raúl Torrez (D)
  - Elected 2022
  - Assumed office 2023
  - Term ends 2027
Secretary of State
- Maggie Toulouse Oliver (D)
  - Elected 2016, 2018, 2022
  - Assumed office 2016
  - Term ends 2027
The duties and election administration roles of these positions complement each other, so having an Election Denier in any one of these positions can undermine efforts to protect the vote and the will of the people.
New York
None of New York’s state officials who oversee elections — the governor, attorney general, or secretary of state — are Election Deniers.

Governor
- Kathy Hochul (D)
  - Elected 2022
  - Assumed office 2021
  - Term ends 2027
Attorney General
- Letitia James (D)
  - Elected 2018, 2022
  - Assumed office 2019
  - Term ends 2027
Secretary of State
- Robert Rodriguez (D)
  - Assumed office 2021; Appointed by the governor
The duties and election administration roles of these positions complement each other, so having an Election Denier in any one of these positions can undermine efforts to protect the vote and the will of the people.

At the same time, Election Denier allies in the state legislature are trying to change how elections are run. In 2023, New York has had two bills introduced that would politicize, criminalize, or interfere with election administration.
North Carolina
None of North Carolina’s state officials who oversee elections — the governor, attorney general, or secretary of state — are Election Deniers.

Governor
- Roy Cooper (D)
  - Elected 2016, 2020
  - Assumed office 2017
  - Term ends 2025
Attorney General
- Josh Stein (D)
  - Elected 2016, 2020
  - Assumed office 2017
  - Term ends 2025
Secretary of State
- Elaine Marshall (D)
  - Elected 1996, 2000, 2004, 2008, 2012, 2016, 2020
  - Assumed office 1997
  - Term ends 2025
The duties and election administration roles of these positions complement each other, so having an Election Denier in any one of these positions can undermine efforts to protect the vote and the will of the people.

At the same time, Election Denier allies in the state legislature are trying to change how elections are run. In 2023, North Carolina has had five bills introduced that would politicize, criminalize, or interfere with election administration.
North Dakota
None of North Dakota’s state officials who oversee elections — the governor, attorney general, or secretary of state — are Election Deniers.

Governor
- Doug Burgum (R)
  - Elected 2016, 2020
  - Assumed office 2016
  - Term ends 2024
Attorney General
- Drew Wrigley (R)
  - Elected 2022
  - Assumed office 2022
  - Term ends 2027
Secretary of State
- Michael Howe (R)
  - Elected 2022
  - Assumed office 2023
  - Term ends 2027
The duties and election administration roles of these positions complement each other, so having an Election Denier in any one of these positions can undermine efforts to protect the vote and the will of the people.

At the same time, Election Denier allies in the state legislature are trying to change how elections are run. In 2023, North Dakota has had one bill introduced and one enacted or adopted that would politicize, criminalize, or interfere with election administration.
Ohio
None of Ohio’s state officials who oversee elections — the governor, attorney general, or secretary of state — are Election Deniers.

Governor
- Michael DeWine (R)
  - Elected 2018, 2022
  - Assumed office 2019
  - Term ends 2027
Attorney General
- Dave Yost (R)
  - Elected 2018, 2022
  - Assumed office 2019
  - Term ends 2027
Secretary of State
- Frank LaRose (R)
  - Elected 2018, 2022
  - Assumed office 2019
  - Term ends 2027
The duties and election administration roles of these positions complement each other, so having an Election Denier in any one of these positions can undermine efforts to protect the vote and the will of the people.

At the same time, Election Denier allies in the state legislature are trying to change how elections are run. In 2023, Ohio has had one bill introduced that would politicize, criminalize, or interfere with election administration.
Oklahoma
None of Oklahoma’s state officials who oversee elections — the governor, attorney general, or secretary of state — are Election Deniers.

Governor
- Kevin Stitt (R)
  - Elected 2018, 2022
  - Assumed office 2019
  - Term ends 2027
Attorney General
- Gentner Drummond (R)
  - Elected 2022
  - Assumed office 2023
  - Term ends 2027
Secretary of State
- Brian Bingman (R)
  - Assumed office 2020; Appointed by the governor
  - Term ends 2027
The duties and election administration roles of these positions complement each other, so having an Election Denier in any one of these positions can undermine efforts to protect the vote and the will of the people.

At the same time, Election Denier allies in the state legislature are trying to change how elections are run. In 2023, Oklahoma has had three bills introduced and one enacted or adopted that would politicize, criminalize, or interfere with election administration.
Oregon
None of Oregon’s state officials who oversee elections — t the governor, attorney general, or secretary of state — are Election Deniers.

Governor
- Tina Kotek (D)
  - Elected 2022
  - Assumed office 2023
  - Term ends 2027
Attorney General
- Ellen Rosenblum (D)
  - Elected 2012, 2016, 2020
  - Assumed office 2012
  - Term ends 2025
Secretary of State
- LaVonne Griffin-Valade (D)
  - Elected N/A
  - Assumed office 2023
  - Term ends 2025
The duties and election administration roles of these positions complement each other, so having an Election Denier in any one of these positions can undermine efforts to protect the vote and the will of the people.

At the same time, Election Denier allies in the state legislature are trying to change how elections are run. In 2023, Oregon has had three bills introduced that would politicize, criminalize, or interfere with election administration.
Pennsylvania
None of Pennsylvania’s state officials who oversee elections — the governor, attorney general, or secretary of state — are Election Deniers.

Governor
- Joshua Shapiro (D)
  - Elected 2022
  - Assumed office 2023
  - Term ends 2027
Attorney General
- Michelle Henry (D)
  - Elected N/A
  - Assumed office 2023
  - Term ends 2027
Secretary of the Commonwealth
- Al Schmidt (D)
  - Assumed office 2023; Appointed by the governor
The duties and election administration roles of these positions complement each other, so having an Election Denier in any one of these positions can undermine efforts to protect the vote and the will of the people.

At the same time, Election Denier allies in the state legislature are trying to change how elections are run. In 2023, Pennsylvania has had three bills introduced that would politicize, criminalize, or interfere with election administration.
Rhode Island
None of Rhode Island’s state officials who oversee elections — the governor, attorney general, or secretary of state — are Election Deniers.

Governor
- Dan McKee (D)
  - Elected 2022
  - Assumed office 2023
  - Term ends 2027
Attorney General
- Peter Neronha (D)
  - Elected 2018, 2022
  - Assumed office 2019
  - Term ends 2027
Secretary of State
- Gregg Amore (D)
  - Elected 2022
  - Assumed office 2023
  - Term ends 2027
The duties and election administration roles of these positions complement each other, so having an Election Denier in any one of these positions can undermine efforts to protect the vote and the will of the people.

At the same time, Election Denier allies in the state legislature are trying to change how elections are run. In 2023, Rhode Island has had one bill introduced that would politicize, criminalize, or interfere with election administration.
South Carolina
One of South Carolina’s state officials who oversees elections — the attorney general — is an Election Denier.

Governor
- Henry McMaster (R)
  - Elected 2018, 2022
  - Assumed office 2017
  - Term ends 2027
Attorney General
- Alan Wilson (R) – Election Denier
  - Elected 2010, 2014, 2018, 2022
  - Assumed office 2011
  - Term ends 2027
Secretary of State
- Mark Hammond (R)
  - Elected 2002, 2006, 2010, 2014, 2018, 2022
  - Assumed office 2003
  - Term ends 2027
The duties and election administration roles of these positions complement each other, so having an Election Denier in any one of these positions can undermine efforts to protect the vote and the will of the people.

At the same time, Election Denier allies in the state legislature are trying to change how elections are run. In 2023, South Carolina has had three bills introduced that would politicize, criminalize, or interfere with election administration.
South Dakota
None of South Dakota’s state officials who oversees elections — the governor, attorney general, or secretary of state — are Election Deniers.

Governor
- Kristi Noem (R)
  - Elected 2018, 2022
  - Assumed office 2019
  - Term ends 2027
Attorney General
- Marty Jackley (R)
  - Elected 2010, 2014, 2022
  - Assumed office 2009, 2023
  - Term ends 2027
Secretary of State
- Monae Johnson (R)
  - Elected 2022
  - Assumed office 2022
  - Term ends 2027
The duties and election administration roles of these positions complement each other, so having an Election Denier in any one of these positions can undermine efforts to protect the vote and the will of the people.

At the same time, Election Denier allies in the state legislature are trying to change how elections are run. In 2023, South Dakota has had five bills introduced and one enacted or adopted that would politicize, criminalize, or interfere with election administration.
Tennessee
One of South Dakota’s state officials who oversees elections — the governor — is an Election Denier.

Governor
- Bill Lee (R) – Election Denier
  - Elected 2018, 2022
  - Assumed office 2019
  - Term ends 2027
Attorney General
- Jonathan Skrmetti (R)
  - Appointed by state Supreme Court 2022
  - Assumed office 2022
  - Term ends 2030
Secretary of State
- Tré Hargett (R)
  - Elected by legislature 2009
  - Assumed office 2009
  - Term ends 2025
The duties and election administration roles of these positions complement each other, so having an Election Denier in any one of these positions can undermine efforts to protect the vote and the will of the people.

At the same time, Election Denier allies in the state legislature are trying to change how elections are run. In 2023, Tennessee has had two bills introduced that would politicize, criminalize, or interfere with election administration.
Texas
Two of Texas’ state officials who oversees elections — the governor and attorney general — are Election Deniers.

Governor
- Greg Abbott (R) – Election Denier
  - Elected 2014, 2018, 2022
  - Assumed office 2015
  - Term ends 2027
Attorney General
- Ken Paxton (R) – Election Denier [SUSPENDED]
  - Elected 2014
  - Assumed office 2015
  - Term ends N/A
- Angela Colmenero (R) – [INTERIM]
  - Appointed 2023
  - Assumed office 2023
  - Term ends N/A
Secretary of State
- Jane Nelson (R)
  - Assumed office 2023; Appointed by the governor
  - Term ends 2027
The duties and election administration roles of these positions complement each other, so having an Election Denier in any one of these positions can undermine efforts to protect the vote and the will of the people.

At the same time, Election Denier allies in the state legislature are trying to change how elections are run. In 2023, Texas has had 44 bills introduced that would politicize, criminalize, or interfere with election administration.
Utah
One of Texas’ state officials who oversees elections — the attorney general — is an Election Denier.

Governor
- Spencer Cox (R)
  - Elected 2020
  - Assumed office 2021
  - Term ends 2025
Attorney General
- Sean Reyes (R) – Election Denier
  - Elected 2014, 2016, 2020
  - Assumed office 2013
  - Term ends 2025
Secretary of State
- Position does not exist
The duties and election administration roles of these positions complement each other, so having an Election Denier in any one of these positions can undermine efforts to protect the vote and the will of the people.

At the same time, Election Denier allies in the state legislature are trying to change how elections are run. In 2023, Utah has had two bills enacted or adopted that would politicize, criminalize, or interfere with election administration.
Vermont
None of Vermont’s state officials who oversee elections — the governor, attorney general, or secretary of state — are Election Deniers.

Governor
- Phil Scott (R)
  - Elected 2016, 2018, 2020, 2022
  - Assumed office 2017
  - Term ends 2025
Attorney General
- Charity R. Clark (D)
  - Elected 2022
  - Assumed office 2023
  - Term ends 2025
Secretary of State
- Sarah Copeland-Hanzas (D)
  - Elected 2022
  - Assumed office 2022
  - Term ends 2027
The duties and election administration roles of these positions complement each other, so having an Election Denier in any one of these positions can undermine efforts to protect the vote and the will of the people.
Virginia
None of Virginia’s state officials who oversee elections — the governor, attorney general, or secretary of state — are Election Deniers.

Governor
- Glenn Youngkin (R)
  - Elected 2021
  - Assumed office 2022
  - Term ends 2026
Attorney General
- Jason Miyares (R)
  - Elected 2021
  - Assumed office 2022
  - Term ends 2026
Secretary of State
- Kay Coles James (R)
  - Assumed office 2022
  - Term ends 2026
The duties and election administration roles of these positions complement each other, so having an Election Denier in any one of these positions can undermine efforts to protect the vote and the will of the people.

At the same time, Election Denier allies in the state legislature are trying to change how elections are run. In 2023, Virginia has had five bills introduced that would politicize, criminalize, or interfere with election administration.
Washington
None of Washington’s state officials who oversee elections — the governor, attorney general, or secretary of state — are Election Deniers.

Governor
- Jay Inslee (D)
  - Elected 2012, 2016, 2020
  - Assumed office 2013
  - Term ends 2025
Attorney General
- Bob Ferguson (D)
  - Elected 2012, 2016, 2020
  - Assumed office 2013
  - Term ends 2025
Secretary of State
- Steve Hobbs (D)
  - Elected 2022
  - Assumed office 2021
  - Term ends 2025
The duties and election administration roles of these positions complement each other, so having an Election Denier in any one of these positions can undermine efforts to protect the vote and the will of the people.
West Virginia
Two of West Virginia’s state officials who oversee elections — the attorney general and secretary of state — are Election Deniers.

Governor
- Jim Justice (R)
  - Elected 2016, 2020
  - Assumed office 2017
  - Term ends 2025
Attorney General
- Patrick Morrisey (R) – Election Denier
  - Elected 2012, 2016, 2020
  - Assumed office 2013
  - Term ends 2025
Secretary of State
- Mac Warner (R) – Election Denier
  - Elected 2016
  - Assumed office 2017
  - Term ends 2025
The duties and election administration roles of these positions complement each other, so having an Election Denier in any one of these positions can undermine efforts to protect the vote and the will of the people.

At the same time, Election Denier allies in the state legislature are trying to change how elections are run. In 2023, West Virginia has had four bills introduced that would politicize, criminalize, or interfere with election administration.
Wisconsin
None of Wisconsin’s state officials who oversee elections — the governor, attorney general, or secretary of state — are Election Deniers.

Governor
- Tony Evers (D)
  - Elected 2018, 2022
  - Assumed office 2019
  - Term ends 2027
Attorney General
- Josh Kaul (D)
  - Elected 2018, 2022
  - Assumed office 2019
  - Term ends 2027
Secretary of State
- Sarah Godlewski (D)
  - Elected N/A
  - Assumed office 2023
  - Term ends 2027
The duties and election administration roles of these positions complement each other, so having an Election Denier in any one of these positions can undermine efforts to protect the vote and the will of the people.
Wyoming
One of Wyoming’s state officials who oversee elections — the secretary of state — is an Election Denier.

Governor
- Mark Gordon (R)
  - Elected 2018, 2022
  - Assumed office 2019
  - Term ends 2027
Attorney General
- Bridget Hill (R)
  - Assumed office 2019
Secretary of State
- Chuck Gray (R) – Election Denier
  - Elected 2022
  - Assumed office 2023
  - Term ends 2027
The duties and election administration roles of these positions complement each other, so having an Election Denier in any one of these positions can undermine efforts to protect the vote and the will of the people.

At the same time, Election Denier allies in the state legislature are trying to change how elections are run. In 2023, Wyoming has had two bills introduced that would politicize, criminalize, or interfere with election administration.

Learn more: Election Deniers in state offices & evidence of election denial

Governors

As of September 13, 2023, 7 states have Election Deniers serving as their governor.

Alabama – Kay Ivey (R)
Alaska – Mike Dunleavy (R)
Florida – Ron DeSantis (R)
Iowa – Kim Reynolds (R)
Montana – Greg Gianforte (R)
Tennessee – Bill Lee (R)
Texas – Greg Abbott (R)

For more information about the role of governors in election administration, click here.

Attorneys General

As of September 13, 2023, 11 states have Election Deniers serving as their attorney general.

Alabama – Steve Marshall (R)
Florida – Ashley Moody (R)
Idaho – Raúl Labrador (R)
Indiana – Todd Rokita (R)
Kansas – Kris Kobach (R)
Louisiana – Jeff Landry (R)
Mississippi – Lynn Fitch (R)
South Carolina – Alan Wilson (R)
Texas – Ken Paxton (R)
Utah – Sean Reyes (R)
West Virginia – Patrick Morrisey (R)

For more information about the role of attorneys general in election administration, click here.

Secretaries of State

As of September 13, 2023, 5 states have Election Deniers serving as their secretary of state.

Alabama – Wes Allen (R)
Indiana – Diego Morales (R)
Missouri – Jay Ashcroft (R)
West Virginia – Mac Warner (R)
Wyoming – Chuck Gray (R)

For more information about the role of secretaries of state in election administration, click here.

The Research

What We Are Tracking: Announced and/or filed candidates running in 2023 for three statewide offices with election administration responsibilities: governor, attorney general, and secretary of state; and announced and/or filed candidates running in 2024 for president of the United States.

Methodology

To qualify as an Election Denier in the 2023 or 2024 cycles, a candidate must meet one or more of the criteria below:

Falsely claimed former President Trump won the 2020 election instead of the legitimate winner, President Joe Biden.
Refused to concede, or publicly supported a candidate’s refusal to concede a race after the results were certified and/or officially audited and/or stood up to multiple legal challenges.
Called on or pressured election officials to refuse to certify the 2020 presidential election results and/or a race in subsequent elections based on meritless claims about election fraud, voter fraud, misinformation, or lies.
Took actions to undermine the integrity of the 2020 presidential election and/or subsequent election cycles, including:
- filed or supported litigation seeking to overturn the results.
- filed or supported litigation that was sanctioned for being malicious and/or without merit in the aftermath of an election.
- promoted/participated in a Stop the Steal sponsored/branded event or rally during/following the 2020 election.
- called for a “forensic audit” of the 2020 presidential election and/or a race in subsequent elections after the results were certified and/or officially audited and/or stood up to multiple legal challenges.
Spread lies about the legitimacy of the 2020 presidential election and/or subsequent election cycles in public fora, including in social media, press statements, and/or comments to press.
Promoted election-related conspiracies about the 2020 presidential elections and/or subsequent election cycles in public fora, including in social media, press statements, and/or comments to press. ^{1Common election-related conspiracies include a host of debunked claims and myths that gained momentum during the 2020 election cycle. These include but are not limited to sharing or liking videos spreading election conspiracy theories by known disinformation sources such as 2000 Mules, knowingly amplifying baseless claims that voting machines were tampered with or connected to the Internet which allowed for tampering of vote totals, voting machines were designed to fail on purpose on Election Day, Dominion Voting Systems’ machines rigged the election, and other proven false claims about “stolen elections” or activities that would have changed the outcome of a legitimate election.}

Reports

December 7, 2022

Sources

Common election-related conspiracies include a host of debunked claims and myths that gained momentum during the 2020 election cycle. These include but are not limited to sharing or liking videos spreading election conspiracy theories by known disinformation sources such as 2000 Mules, knowingly amplifying baseless claims that voting machines were tampered with or connected to the Internet which allowed for tampering of vote totals, voting machines were designed to fail on purpose on Election Day, Dominion Voting Systems’ machines rigged the election, and other proven false claims about “stolen elections” or activities that would have changed the outcome of a legitimate election.

The Election Denier Landscape

In This Resource

Alabama

Alaska

Arizona

Arkansas

California

Colorado

Connecticut

District of Columbia

Delaware

Florida

Georgia

Hawaii

Idaho

Illinois

Indiana

Iowa

Kansas

Kentucky

Louisiana

Maine

Maryland

Massachusetts

Michigan

Minnesota

Mississippi

Missouri

Montana

Nebraska

Nevada

New Hampshire

New Jersey

New Mexico

New York

North Carolina

North Dakota

Ohio

Oklahoma

Oregon

Pennsylvania

Rhode Island

South Carolina

South Dakota

Tennessee

Texas

Utah

Vermont

Virginia

Washington

West Virginia

Wisconsin

Wyoming

Related Resources

Surveying Voters on Election Denialism

Replacing the Refs: 2022

Replacing the Refs: 2023 Statewide Races & 2024 Presidential Candidates

Sources